Management and a Short History of Chocolate

 

The history of the multibillion dollar   industry of chocolate goes back to 1400 BCE, when

Mayans used the cocoa beans to create an alcoholic beverage. [1]

The use of the chocolate changed through centuries from an alcoholic beverage to currency, to a  

medical treatment for coughs, fevers, and other uses.

Today, the list of   important   manufacturers in chocolate world includes names like: Mars Inc, Nestle SA, Hershey foods corp. [3]

The number and size, the extension on production (fig 1) and the explosion on profit of the

chocolate industry and its organizations, powerfully endorse the undeniable role of the management and its functions.

Fig 1, [4]

                             Summary of revised forecasts and estimates year 2008/2009

Cocoa year (Oct-Sep)	2007/08	2008/09		Year-on-year change
	Revised estimates	Previous forecasts	Revised forecasts
	(thousand tones)			(Per cent)
World production	3 718	3 466		- 7.0%
World grindings	3 743	3 515		- 6.7%
Surplus/deficit b/	- 62	- 84

1 - Changes on socially constructed meaning of chocolate, the effect of mangers factor on

these changes .

Social constructed concept generally has to do with countless human choices and exists only

because people agree to accept its existence.

Mayans chose to worship cocoa beans as idol and believed on religion values of cocoa beans.

On 1800 because of radical diversities, Mayans and Aztecs elected to believe on the currency

value of the cocoa beans.  Don Cortes organized and executed the plan to establish cocoa

plantation.

In need of medical treatment Mayans, Europeans and Holland focused on the usefulness

of cocoa beans as medicine.  European early chemists experimented with chocolate and

Holland doctors recommended it, extending the meaning of chocolate management.[2]

2 - Wedgwood and Cadbury contributed on evolution of management concept

through their innovations.

Using different tools and different methods Wedgwood and Cadbury invested their innovative

input on the changes of management concept.  They lived in different centuries, contribute to

different industries, but they  had the same purpose:  to plan, organize, lead, and control in  

order to achieve their goals. What set them apart is the incompatible tools, methods, and point of

views that they used to accomplish their goals and different aims they had in the their lives.

2-1 - Wedgwood, Cadbury and their similarities

With their contrasted but outstanding performances Wedgwood and Cadbury set standards for

other organizations within their industry.  Wedgwood and Cadbury also shared

other similarities such as:

ü  Both were innovators. 

ü  Both were business oriented.

ü  Both experimented .

ü  Both aimed to produce and profit.

ü  Both participated on the improvement of management concept

2-2 - Wedgwood, Cadbury and their differences

Wedgwood and Cadbury lived in different time lines, had different social backgrounds, and

utilized different approaches towards the business and management.

             Wedgwood

  

ü  Wedgwood utilized mainstream management approach

ü  Wedgwood devised a system of rewards and punishments

ü  Wedgwood used child and slave  labor

ü  Wedgwood emphasized on increasing of productivity and profit with no concern

ü  to   human kind  forms of well being

ü  Wedgwood used the preacher to legitimize the materialism - individualism view

ü  Wedgwood Lobbied the government for transportation infrastructure improvement

Cadbury

ü  Cadbury utilized multistream  management approach

ü  Cadbury perused the poor to give up alcohol

ü  Cadbury offered affordable housing for his employees

ü  Cadbury was willing to provide medical, dental ,kitchen for his employees

ü  Cadbury presented the idea of Education while at work.

ü  Cadbury emphasized on increase of productivity and profit with concern to human

             kind forms of well being

3-Chocolate industry and its forms of well – being

Throughout centuries chocolate industry experienced different phases.  One unique characteristic

of the chocolate industry (especially prior to our century), was the high considerations of its

organizations to the humankind forms of well–being such as:   

ü  financial well – being

ü  physical well – being

ü  social well – being

ü  intellectual well -  being

ü  material well - being

ü  individual well – being

3-1 Mainstream and it forms of well being

The mainstream management tends to emphasizes on individualism and materialism, while

prioritizing the self interest of the organizations and individuals. Therefore, it should not

come as surprise to us that forms of mainstream well being are:

ü  Financial well-being

ü  Individual well being

ü  Material well-being

3-2 Multistream and it forms of well being

Both forms of management, mainstream and multisteram, aim to increase the productivity and

profitability of the organization.  Multistream management organizations differ though from

Mainstream management organizations that have an exceptional concern on how human kind

forms of well–being are effected from their courses of action.

Effectiveness of multistream management comes from balances among forms of well–being

such as:

ü  Social well – being

ü  Physical well – being

ü  Spiritual well – being

ü  Intellectual well – being

ü  Ecological well -  being

ü  Aesthetic well –being

As a conclusion, Social, economical, ecological, and legal Environments that surround us,

continuously undergo through changes. Therefore, it is vital for the organizations, mainstream or

multistream, to respond to these changes over the years – otherwise they will risk failing.  

The modern management existence and construction depends also on changes of the social and

legal meanings attached to the organizations.

References

[1] - Duke, B. &  Neubert, M. J, (2010). Management Current Practices and New Directions.

      Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

[2] - What is the History of Chocolate?. wiseGEEK. Retrieved on September 4, 2009, from

      www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-history-of-chocolate.htm

[3] – The chocolate industry. International Cocoa Organization. Retrieved September 5, 2009

      from www.icco.org/about/chocolate.aspx

[4] - ICCO Press Releases. International Cocoa Organization. Retrieved September 6, 2009

     from www.icco.org/about/press2.aspx?Id=mkl11343

IMPORTANCE OF ACADEMIC INTERGRITY. TOOLS ANDS TRATEGIS NEEDED TO ENSURE COMPLAIANCE

IMPORTANCE OF ACADEMIC INTERGRITY

 TOOLS ANDS TRATEGIS NEEDED TO ENSURE COMPLAIANCE

1 - Introduction

The intention of this paper relies on comprehension of the tools available to the students to prevent them from committing plagiarism and to make the students understand the consequences in cases when plagiarism is committed.

2 - Plagiarism (why individuals cheat)

Below is a list of four basic motives why people cheat, [Tippitt, et al (2009]

a) Competition, being more successful than the others.

b) Laziness and unwillingness to make affords on academic preparation.

c) Unawares of plagiarism is wrong.

d) Thrilling effect of not being caught.

2 - 1 What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism is considered a fraudulent act, which involves not just stealing someone’s work but also lying about it afterwards (3).

According to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, "plagiarize" means:

To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own,

to use (another's production) without crediting the source ,

to commit literary theft,

to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.

2 - 2 What is considered plagiarism?

Any of the actions below is considered plagiarism (2).

1-Submit a work as your own when it is not.

2-Not crediting the work of others while copping their ideas and words.

3-Not using quotation in quotation marks.

4- Informing in incorrect way about the source quotation.

5-utilizing different words while copied the same structure of the sentence without giving credit.

6-Copying a considerable amount from the source (words, ideas) (it does not matter if credit is given or not.

2 - 3 Preventing Plagiarism

In our modern world of education, plagiarism is been detected as an increasing concern by the academic community.

In 2000, Americans realized that education and decline in ethics had become the top 2 biggest problem of the society, they both ranked above crime .poverty and drugs (2).                                                                                 

While planning the research paper prevention of plagiarism can be accomplished by:

a) Serial consulting with the instructor

b) Advanced planning of research paper

c) Continuously keeping helpful notes (2), (3)

While writing the research paper preventation of plagiarism can be accomplished by: cite sources if not sure, clearly state who said what, have knowledge of paraphrase, carefully asses

the source (2), (3)

College faculties, scientists, administrators and even students are continuously working together to find ways, technologies, solutions to preventing plagiarism (2).

Turnitrin, Writecheck, and APA are currently playing an important emphasis on preventing plagiarism (2).

3 - Turnitrin.com

Turnitin.com is plagiarism prevention service. The foundation of company goes back to 1996 and its first name was iParadigms. At first, iParadigms was created with the purpose to monitor the recycle of research paper within undergraduate students but later improved to plagiarism service and it changes its name to Plagiarism .org. In our days the above company is known as Turnitrin. Popularity and reliance of Turnitrn in the plagiarism prevention process is

undeniable (4).

3 - 1 Purpose of Turnitrin

Turnitrin’s services are focused on:

1-Detecting and preventing Plagiarism

2-Increasing students engagement in writing process, and streamline the workflow of student writing, feedback and assessment.

In order to achieve the above purposes Turnitrin utilizes three interconnected services of WriteCycle:

a) Originality Checking, b) Grade Mark, c) Peer Review.

 Turnitin it is recognized for its role on academic improvements, written work integrity increase, and reduction on submissions of unoriginal work (4).

4. WriteCheck

WriteCheck is also popular solution in not just detecting the originality of research paper but also on preventing plagiarism.

Creators of Turnitrin developed WriteCheck under the recommendation and pressure of high school and college, teachers, instructors of various disciplines.

The essence of write check consists on: spell checking, grammar checking, and originality checking.

5. APA editorial style.

With the intent to ease reading comprehension a group of psychologists, anthropologist, and business managers gathered on 1929 and decided to create simple set procedures that would codify components of scientific writing (5).

APA editorial  style assists us to: express  the main  factors of quantitative outcome, pick the graphic form that suits our analyses the, best, critically report details of our research, give credit to individuals with accuracy and respect (5).

5 – 1. Elements of APA

APA as an editorial style is concerned with elements such as (5), (6):

1-Title page

2-Selection of headings, tone, and length

3-Parenthetical citation-in text citation

4-Referencis

5-Appendixes

6-Qyality of writing

5 – 2. Citation, why should we cite sources?

The main reason to cite is to respect and give credit to the original author (5)

 Listed below there are more reasons to cite such as:

a) To assist readers with further information about our ideas and where they came from.

b) To assists readers to evaluate the source (bad or good).

c) To display the extensive research we have done.

d) To expose the support of our ideas by other authors.

5 – 3. When do we cite

Cites are required every time we borrow words or ideas as an act of acknowledgement of the source (5)

1-when we use quotes.

2-when we paraphrase.

3-when using an already expressed idea by someone else

4-when specific references are made to someone’s work.

5-when developing our ideas we critically utilized someone else’s work.

5 – 4. Citation style

Citation style differ by priorities to: style, concision, readabilities, dates, authors, publications (5)

Two major divisions exist within the citation style:

a) Documentary –note style which is a standard form of documenting sources. This style includes footnotes or endnotes and intents to increase the readability without interference

b) Parenthetical style is known also as:”author-date style” or “in-text style”. In this style references are included to the body of the research by using parentheses.

Besides citations APA gives precious guidelines on how to quote materials, how to list references, and how to paraphrase.

6. Academic Integrity

According to Tippitt, et al (2009), academic integrity is a commitment face of to five fundamental values:

1-Honesty

2-Trust

3- Fairness

4-Respect

5-Responsibility

It is important that academic integrity is introduced and discussed with students during the educational process (8).

On the other hand though, application of sanctions is necessary when plagiarism occurs (9).

7. Keiser’s University policies on plagiarism and grievance

According to Kaiser Universities’ policy every student is required to be driven by honesty in every work submitted for credit or other works assigned by the instructors (7).

 In cases when cheating has taken places and/or assignment contains some plagiarism penalties would be:

First occurrence: automatic:”F”

Second occurrence: automatic “F”

Third occurrence: automatic dismissal

When copying an entire paper

Penalties would be:

First occurrence automatic”F”

Second occurrence automatic dismissal

Keiser university course home plagiarism

Any student that is disciplined by university administration has the right

to be heard and appeal (7).

8. Conclusion

It is a fact that students for various reasons have been and will continue to be tempted to commit plagiarism. Therefore utilizing tools like APA editorial style, Turnity service, WriteCheck will assist student and instructors to prevent plagiarism. Awareness of academic integrity and discipline are also necessary to prevent plagiarism from being committed.

                                                               References

1 - Tippet, M. P. & Ard, N. et al.(2009). Creating Environments that Foster Academic Integrity.

     Nursing Education Perspectives. New York: 30, 239-245.

2 - Facts about plagiarism. PlagiarismdotORG. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from

      http://www.plagiarism.org/

3 - Student resources.WriteCheck. Retrieved  September 10, 2009 from

      http://writecheck.turnitin.com/static/resources.html

4 - About us.Turnitrin. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http://www.turnitin.com

5 - APA Style. American Psychological Association. Retrieved September 9, 2009 from

      http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/why-apastyle-needed.aspx

6 - Home course, APA work shop. Keiser University Graduate School.

     Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http://keiserugradschool.org

7 - Home Course, Plagiarism. Keiser University Graduate School.

     Retrieved September 9, 2009 from http://keiserugradschool.org

8 - Academic Integrity. Empire State College. Retrieved September 9, 2009  from

      www.esc.edu/academicintegrity

9 - Scanlan, C. (2006).Strategis to promote a climate of academic Intergrityand Minimize student

     cheating and Plagiarism. Journal of Allied Health. Washington: 35, 179-186

The Rise and Fall of Arthur Andersen

The Rise and Fall of Arthur Andersen

 

1- Introduction

In this case the attention will be concentrated on analyzing the factors that contribute on Arthur Andersen’s company growth in contrast with the factors that played a role on devastation of Arthur Andersen’s company.

2-The history of Arthur Andersen’s organization

Andersen, Delany and company was founded in 1913 by Arthur Andersen and Clarence Delany. The organization started as auditing firm and later expanded its services adding tax services and consulting services. In 1918 Andersen becomes the sole owner of the organization since Delany volunteer to leave.. (Dyck 2010 164)

After Andersen died in 1947 the organization was divided in 3 divisions. 1) accounting/auditing division. 2) Tax division, 3) Consulting division. (Dyck, 2010, 164)

The 1989 is known as the year of separation since the Andersen & Co divides in two financial entities: 1) Arthur Andersen & Co (Accounting/Auditing/Tax division services

              2) Andersen consulting (consulting services) (1)

In 2000 as the result of an ugly competition the association between the two Andersen’s divisions comes to an end.  Year 2002 was the end of Andersen’ organization found guilty for obstruction of justice in connection with Enron scandal. (1)

3 -The rise of Andersen & Co

The success of the organization was related to two important facts:

a) The strict ethical values which served as foundation of Anderson & Co.

b) The way that these strict values influenced the four management functions in

Andersen & Co. (Dyck, 2010, 164)

The 1988 was the year of success for Andersen & Co which became the largest consulting firm in the world. (1)

3-1 Anderson & Co’s ethics and planning (before /after Arthur Andersen’s death)

Anderson & Co and its founder Arthur Andersen set the standards for ethics in accounting.

Known for its vigilance and integrity Anderson and Co had no difficulties built its network and to add new clients to its list.

While alive, Arthur Andersen planed his goals and worked consistently and responsibly to accomplish them. (Dyck, 2010, 150)

Even though Andersen kept the size of his organization small he ensured that not only the members of the organization but also the other stakeholders were benefiting from the organizations responsible activities.

After Andersen’s death the organization goals were changed.

Andersen was offering addition services such as production control, cost accounting, operation research. Overall the organization and its management ignored Andersen’s ethical guidelines. (3)

Andersen & Co and its leaders were pursuing their self-interest and excessive profits. 

The first reason for Andersen’s fall was the deviation from Andersen’s ethics on planning

3-2 Andersen & Co’s ethics and organizing (before /after Arthur Andersen’s death)

While alive Arthur Andersen was the sole owner of the organization. He originated a small firm and intended to keep it that way in order to secure and maintain the strong culture, its unique values and its harmony.  (Dyck, 2010, 164)

After Arthur Anderson’s death the organization was completely rearranged. The organization’s partnership was reformulated, in a way where Leonard Spacek was the lead partner and each partner had one vote in all matters and all partners shared in the profits and losses of the firm. As the result organization was forced towards decentralized structure of decision making. The new management team goes even further and divides the organization at first in three divisions and finely in two: 1) Administrative service division. 2) Consulting service division.

The reconstruction of the organization created a conflict between inside organizational obligations and outside social requirements and restrictions. (3)

The second reason for Anderson’s & co. fall was the deviation from Anderson’s ethics on organizing.

3-3 Andersen & Co’s ethics and leading (before /after Arthur Andersen’s death)

While alive Arthur Anderson constantly insisted   in promoting fair and unbiased accounting methods. Furthermore Andersen hired graduates students and encouraged them to be trained in Anderson’s way utilizing both systems formal and informal. Arthur Anderson asks his partners to be strictly trained and stick to ethics promoted by him. . (Dyck, 2010, 164)

After Arthur Anderson’s death the organization created a dangerous culture of promoting and rewarding risk taking. A dysfunctional relationship was created inside the organization. Anderson’s co managers disregarded ethical values such as transparency, accountability instead they replaced such values with greed arrogance immorality which finally resulted on their self - destruction. Anderson los t its ethical leadership which affected the ethics of the work place and both affected the life of the Anderson’s organization. (3)

The third reason for Anderson’s fall was the deviation from Anderson’s ethics on leading.

3-4 Andersen & Co’s ethics and controlling (before /after Arthur Andersen’s death)

While alive, Arthur Andersen’s motto “Think straight talk straight” was the core of the set of values he established. Arthur Andersons attempted to utilize both formal and informal system in order to achieve organizational control. (Dyck, 2010, 153)

Under Arthur Andersen’s leadership the organization emphasized on of obeying the law and creating a corporate culture.

Other keys of Arthur Andersen’s success were reducing the organizations expenses and encouraging personal responsibility to members of organization. (4)

After Arthur Anderson’s death organization and its managers lost control of the oversized decentralized of Anderson & co.”Think straight and work straight” was no liger the motto of the company .The organization core culture was damaged and the focus of the organization had shifted towards maximizing  management ,organization sales opportunities and   profit ,by doing whatever it took and at any cost.(a combination that strongly contributed on  the disaster and eruption of Anderson  & co..(Dyck, 2010, 164)

On 1980 several creditors and shareholders filed bankruptcy and blamed their failure on the Andersen &co audits.

Arthur Andersen & co failed to inform the creditors, shareholders and public of its findings. (1)

The fourth reason for Arthur Andersen & co fall was the deviation from Arthur Andersen’s ethics on controlling.

4-Ways to attract high quality graduates without offering high salaries

a) First, offer to graduates   internship and then promise continues employment conditioned by the scale of comprehending and practicing the organization’s ethics and performance.

Hire graduates (after they finish internship faze) and put a restriction on time (graduates must establish at least 2 years experience with the company before their first consideration for salary/wage increase), but simultaneously provide good health - care plans and excellent work environment.

b) Second, offer graduates to work on commission and scale those commissions based on the compliances with ethical code and graduate’s   performance/contributions to organization’s profit.

For instance:

 a) Graduates receives 10 % commission for their below average performance and an extra 5% if their compliances with ethical cods are below average,

b) Graduates receive 40% commission for their excellent performance and an extra 20% if their compliances with ethical cods are above average.

Simultaneously reward the good performance (no too much emphasis on bad performance), provide good health - care plans and excellent work environment.

5- Conclusion

The rise of Arthur Anderson goes hand to hand with the influence of his ethics on four

Management functions (planning, organization, leading, controlling).

The fall of the organization established by Arthur Anderson was result of deviations from Arthur

Anderson’s ethics on four management functions (planning, organization, leading, controlling).

References

1- Andersen- Company history  . Fundinguniverse. Retreived November  29, 2009 from

        www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/A

2- Dyck, B. & Neubert, M. (2010). Management current practices and new directions.

    Boston:Houhghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Co.

3- Gini, A. Business, ethics, and leadership in a post Enron era.

    Journal of Leadership & Organization Studies. 11, 9-16.

4- Kobrak, C. (2009). Innovation corrupted: The origins and legacy of Enron’s collapse.

     Business History Review. 83, 173-178.